Thursday, March 9, 2017

Bagaimana sejarah kacamata

Berbagai inovasi telah di lakukan untuk benda yang satu ini.Mulai dari kaca mata yang digunakan untuk membantu penglihatan hingga sekedar gaya.
Tapi pernahkah anda berfikir,bagaimana seandainya tidak ada kacamata........???
Haruskah orang yang mempunyai kekurangan dalam penglihatan mengerutkan dahinya hanya untuk sekedar membaca...?


#SEBELUM ADA KACA MATA
Nero,salah satu kaisar Roma merupakan kaisar yang paling nyeleneh.ia mendadani kudanya dengan pakaian manusia,suka berjalan-jalan keliling kota sambil bernyanyi dan menari di malam hari.ia menonton setiap pertunjukan dengan sebuah batu permata cekung dan berwarna di depan matanya.


Para ahli sejarah memperkirakan kaisar Nero memang bermata minus.dengan melihat melalui sebuah permata.
Tidak hanya membuat kelihatan lebih menarik,tapi juga membantu kaisar yang kecil dan lucu itu untuk melihat dengan baik.


Orang-orang cina mungkin orang pertama di dunia yang mengenakan kaca mata seperti yang di kenakan sekarang ini.
Biasanya kaca mata itu terdiri dari dua lensa sangat besar berbentuk oval yang terbuat dari kristal batu.
Bingkainya terbuat dari tempurung kura-kura.
Untuk memegang kacanya agar bisa bertengger di hidung digunakan 2 kawat yang diberi pemberat yang di cantelkan ditelinga.


Awalnya kaca mata ini dipakai dipercayai karena membawa keberuntungan,kelihatan menarik,dan kelihatan seperti orang penting,bahkan kadang mereka pakai bingkai kosong tanpa kristalnya.


Sangat menarik bila dilihat dari sejarah bagaimana sebelum ditemukannya kaca mata.


Karena ternyata kacamata ditemukan oleh ilmuwan muslim.
Seperti yang di ungkapkan oleh Lutfiah Gari,ia adalah seorang peneliti sejarah dan sains teknologi islam Saudi Arabia.


Melalui tulisannya yang bertajuk "The Invention of spectacles between the East and the west".


Menurutnya sebelum peradapan manusia mengenal kaca mata,para ilmuwan dari berbagai peradapan telah menemukan lensa,seperti ilmuwan kenamaan Ibnu al-Haitam.


Seperti yang kita ketahui kehadiran kaca mata tentu tidak lepas dari keberadaan lensa itu sendiri.
Meskipun saat itu para ilmuwan menemukan lensa bukan sebagai untuk Magnification(perbesaran),tapi untuk pembakaran.
Caranya dengan memusatkan cahaya matahari pada fokus lensa/titik api lensa.
Oleh karena itu mereka menyebut dengan nama umum"pembakaran kaca/burning'.


#PENEMUAN KACA MATA
Menurut Lutfiah,FiSikawan Muslim legendaris,Ibnu al-Haitham(965 M-1039M),dalam karyanya bertajuk Kitab al-Manazir(Tentang optik)telah mempelajari masalah perbesaran benda dan pembiasan cahaya.


Ibnu al-Haitham mempelajari pembiasan cahaya melewati sebuah permukaan tanpa warna seperti kaca,Udara dan Air.


"Bentuk-bentuk benda yang terlihat tampak menyimpang ketika terus melihat benda tanpa warna"
Ini merupakan bentuk permukaan seharusnya benda tanpa warna,"tutur al-Haitham seperti dikutip Lutfiah.


Inilah salah satu fakta yang menunjukkan betapa ilmuwan Muslim Arab pada abad ke:11 itu telah mengenali kekayaan perbesaran gambar melalui permukaan tanpa warna.

Namun,al-Haitham belum mengetahui aplikasi yang penting dalam fenomena ini.

Buah pikir yang dicetuskan Ibnu al-Haitham itu merupakan hal yang paling pertama dalam bidang lensa.

Paling tidak,peradapan islam telah mengenal dan menemukan lensa lebih awal tiga ratus tahun dibandingkan Masyarakat Eropa.


Menurut Lutfiah,penemuan kaca mata dalam peradapan islam terungkap dalam puisi-puisi karya ibnu al-Hamdis(1055 M-1133M).
Dia menulis sebuah Syair yang menggambarkan tentang kaca mata.


Syair itu ditulis sekitar 200tahun,sebelum masyarakat barat menemukan kaca mata.


Ibnu al-hamdis menggambarkan kaca mata lewat syairnya antara lain sebagai berikut:

Benda bening menunjukan tulisan dalam sebuah buku untuk mata,benda bening seperti air,tapi benda itu merupakan batu.

Benda itu meninggalkan bekas kebasahan di pipi,basah seperti sebuah gambar sungai yang terbentuk dari keringatnya.

Ini seperti seorang yang manusia yang pintar,yang menerjemahkan sebuah sandi-sandi kamera yang sulit diterjemahkan.

Ini juga sebuah pengobatan yang baik bagi orang tua yang lemah penglihatannya.
Dan orang tua menulis kecil dalam mata mereka.


Syair al-hamis itu telah mematahkan klaim peradapan Barat sebagai penemu kacamata pertama.
Pada puisi ketiga ,penyair muslim legendaris itu mengatakan.
"Benda itu tembus cahaya(kaca)untuk mata dan menunjukan tulisan dalam buku,tapi ini batang tubuhnya terbuat dari batu(rock)."

Selanjutnya dalam dua puisi,al-hamids menyebutkan bahwa kaca mata merupakan alat pengobatan yang yang terbaik bagi orang tua yang menderita cacat/memiliki penglihatan yang lemah.
Dengan menggunakan kacamata,papar al-hamids,seseorang akan melihat garis pembesar.


Dalam puisi ke empatnya,al hamids mencoba menjelaskan dan menggambarkan kaca mata sebagai berikut:
"Ini akan meninggalkan tanda di pipi,seperti sebuah sungai"
Menurut peneliti Lutfiah,penggunaan kaca mata mulai meluas di dunia Islam pada Abad ke-13 M.

Fakta itu terungkap dalam lukisan,buku sejarah,kali grafi,dan syair.

Dalam salah satu syairnya,Ahmad al-Attar al-Masri telah menyebutkan kaca mata.
"Usia tua datang setelah muda,saya pernah mempunyai penglihatan yang kuat,dan sekarang mata saya terbuat dari kaca"


Sementara itu sejarawan al-Sakhawi mengungkapkan,tentang seorang kaligrafer Sharaf ibnu Amir al-Mardini (wafat tahun 1447M)
Dia meninggal pada usia melewati 100 tahun.dia pernah memiliki pikiran sehat dan dia melanjutkan menulis tanpa cermin/kaca.
Sebuah cermin disini rupanya sepertu lensa."papar al-sakhawi.


Fakta lainnya yang mampu membuktikan bahwa peradapan Islam telah lebih dulu menemukan kacamata adalah pencapaian dokter muslim dalam ophtalmologi,ilmu tentang mata.

Dalam karyanya tentang ophtalmologi julius Hirschberg,menyebutkan,Dokter spesialis mata muslim tidak menyebutkan kacamata.
Namun itu tidak berarti bahwa peradapan islam tidak mengenal kacamata"


Sunday, March 5, 2017

11 Minute,froming a personality stable

Is there such a thing...?
In search of the answer , let us compare with questions also.
Short stories are short stories , what is meant by with a short stories good ..... ? ?
He said: short stories good is short stories good .
We know if a when we meet a guy / their daughters jesting stable .People like this will bring influence stable to us .
Not after reading example short stories good .We can vicariously the effects of the story.

But , whether it is it just that ?
Whether character stable too complicated and hard to explain , so that we can only answer to: ' personality is a stable personality stabil' if someone man or woman unstable , so what we use to call it .. ?We say she" not stabil' he irritability and lost control .
Nerve in a tense state , and maybe he was stage mental' to collapse.

Do those so may make amends?
We can ....... !
As the title this article ,11 minutes form personality stable .
Because of writers will give 11 the important points probably just 11 minutes finished read .Beginning with the first , to reach stability:

1)peel off your attention of yourself .What do you feel , do you enough sleep night before , how you looked , do your heart rate normal , what menu diet you today.

Do not make yourself too important.Remember ... !
You live in this world with millions of another human of the also to self-determination .
Where in turn later also affects you .You can not just ignoring the world and reality, it is , because what happened in it also very important for where you are . Even you can participate in it .
How limited role played you are that , this can bring a big difference .In short, do not think that you are the bit of the the integral of what happened around you .You may not be as if is an outsider who was stopped by in .
You must have their state of being bring you feel that you were a member this world.


2 ) in relate to the world outside yourself, do not imagine anything your.If you keep asking in yourself how can had to be in a particular situation before you involved in this.Then you would be emotional and uneasy.
So that there will you instead can not understand with good as well as applies not in accordance with what you expect.
The fear of failure will on you.

As well as if you want to swimming in the ocean .If you speculate too long .As: whether the water too cold or go dangerous or not .So you most probably would get out of that bay and only basking in the sand course .Because you have let imagination create chaos .Better take a chance and enter.

3 ) developed a confident. Do not receive the opinion of another just, before you compare with your own opinion.Avoid the temptation to choose the way at least risky and chimed in the people.
Hypothetically own ...! !! !!
Do not talk "manut-manut" (talk: javanese ) many individuals that is supposed to be stable instead be weak and easily drifted.
To be unstable, because he has no confidence that he could easily be right, while others wrong.This kind of people feel possessed, may also inferiority.And lack of confidence when many people condemn him.


4 ) a posture that is not too soft and sentimental always generates an impression the stability and balance .As is the case with all the good , if the content too it will be as to render it better .
( too old , too young , too ripe )this does not mean that we forget the fact that we have forgotten all having the bad qualities.
But the truth is that for these traits not too striking looks , maybe we instead of a favored person because those .What do you have to do is look , whether the bad qualities you can a troubler of the other , or yourself or not.
If the nature of the troubler of another or yourself , then usakan to fix until you able to control it even gets rid of it.

5 ) cast far pattern your children .The first like this , no doubt how of the nature of children adults.
How much at the age of today we influenced by unmannerly emotion and reaction that comes when we is still a child first .Most of the nature of timid and fear .We have basic children .The internet: are many of us are who fear darkness.
A was 40 years old still depends on his mother,so if the mother has not agree with whatever he do or mind , and he will feel bad and fear.
A women aged 30tahun believe , that all men are good , not to be trusted .Opinions shortsighted this is it enjoy for the aunt nourishes and a substitute for his mother who died , is nothing marriage unhappy .Those like this do not steady his personality .They were wrong ' indoktrinasi' wrong drink herbs imposed upon him so just .Without get away with it , if it is not suited her.

6 ) understand circumstances of others .Personality stable is always ready gives a chance to others to developing and industrialized .Only the one who inferiority and they soul dwarf who feel envious and pose a problem .One who stable and strong his personality pretty sure will themselves to compete with a wholesome manner with another .They also did not fawning or embarrasses others .One who stable aware of his power .They live without fear or distinguish.
Their full tolerance .

7 ) disguise personality you .Appearance personality you conclusive not only give a positive effect on others .But also affect unmannerly your own .
for example: what you feel when dressed in long you to travel .Compare reaction you , when using a suit or evening dress graceful .Dressed well , appearance good often similar to whistling in the darkness .Them encourage extra sufficient to overcome tension appear .Walking in the dark while whistling as if increase your courage to fight the mind of a ghost .This is also if wearing apparel fashionable , graceful , good , and the confident you get .Attitude was also important , do not sluggish and listless .Standing , walk and sit with an upright position .Someone always connecting , ' those who gagal' those who appearance personal sluggish not excited.

8 ) see how others apply .Be an observer good for everyone and in their relations a very diverse it .Pelajarilah orang-orang failed .Similarly with person successful .They with personality weak and passive.
And their by personality strong and active.

9 ) be your habit becoming mirrors who you are.Habits can be formed whenever time, during your life.The view that we say that the newly formed at the age of 21 years is not true.
You have to do is to find character, the nature of positive you who favored the people.
Do not stop here, but you have to practise do so.
Do you think that you will know how be the best.When the time comes .... you probably will know, It will it is clear that is not the only you: your habit.
Customs ( good bad / would be taken wherever )

10 ) keep and take care of your health .Health is wealth most valuable , not play with it .Next , she exercising in the open .Enough sleep , avoid eat and drink excessive .Not in doubt again that you will know exactly how improve the health of without a detailed explanation of the diartikel this .Do not forget to ' chek-up' health agencies and your teeth .At least once a year .Of disease often once hidden.
Don't only think that you okay , but rest assured that you are indeed okay.

11 ) always wanted to change .Although the good deed from personality a stable is faith located on the belief , but work mental not always be brilliantly harmonious if himself resisting change.
A stable , therefore sometimes have to person outang self , make the point of view of against him as if he located outside his heart, reflect openly and alert over the others that prejudice.Selfishness not on its own crept into the mechanism intelektual-emosi to pother all,because to be the stable today not mean and ensure continue to be one who stable 10 weeks or 10 years from now .All aspects of occurrence of the world and an environment in which you live always changing from day to.


But it is a sign of success .Ask yourself , do you been accompanied by tersebut.seperti progress that must take place .To be the guy that stable , you have to remain stable .This requires observation that continuous against a state of deep yourself and also the environment outside you.

Thursday, March 2, 2017

Basic guidelines go to korea



Basic guidelines go to korea

Arrived in korea after got off the plane at incheon airport , you will immediately entered part immigration , preparing the examination of the letters that are needed , as a passport , and letters of invitation or recommendation to go into korea .Lane watch a queue , namely a lane for foreigners and the track kusus to the citizens of the korea .When standing in line , do not stand over the yellow and not allowed a queue cut line.

Examination of migration and customs at inchon been tough enough , not allowed bring fruits or food , because it would have any trouble at the customs .Most countries in the world did not allow fruits or food entrance to their country , without any official cetificate quarantine of the part of the airport of origin.


At the office of customs and excise after through parts of the immigration , will you take a suitcase ( luggage compartment ) under airport setelah it , you will enter the part of customs cukai.

Do not forget customs handed a statement that has been you fill on the plane to an officer of customs at the airport .
# the exchange of money if bring currency american dollar , you can exchange it into currency korea ( won ) in a place exchange money which is located at the airport .

In addition to preparing a currency that will be at tukar.you also needs to prepare for a passport as the identity exchange .Check back money that you received before leaving the counter exchange money .If you want wondering confused with english look for a place of tourism information in provide by koreans tourism organization kto because the korea information the airport usually use the korean language.

They just love their own language . # a little its history the korean language .Hangeul ( read: han-geul ) is a symbol that in the design by the king sejong ( 1397-1450 ) of the dynasty joseon as the spoken alphabet korea .When i first started composing the king sejong han-heil ( 1443 m ) the alphabet it consists of over 28 characters , that is 17 A consonant and 11 vokal.

The letter vokal created based on filosofi' three basic component live, heaven, the earth and men.But this time letters prevalent in use consisting of 40 character, namely 10 single vocal, 11 vocal joint, a consonant single 14, a consonant double and 5. a consonant the end ( batchin ) batchin called also a consonant the end, that is a few letters a consonant if be at the end syllables having the noise different, than when be at the beginning of syllables. A consonant the end  joint consonant the end of joint consist of two types of, that is a consonant front, and a consonant hind in say.

About the,In the korean language there are two writing system numbers ( the number of the original and korea sino korea ( taken from the systems china ) the native to korea only until the 99, if more than 99 use the number of sino korea.

# interaction.
The ordinary korea greeted when the contact between, before a meal, after eating, when say goodbye, when sleep etc.
By means of nodding the head and a little bow body.head in nodding 30 to 60 degrees for 2 to 3 seconds.All that performed when salute respectful to the one who is older or older.

Deeper we nodding head, means with a we will report it more respect.Expression sorry also usually accompanied by movement of looket down head.In daily life, shake hands also customarily in doing.

Usually a person who is older or its position higher going to invite shake hands moreover dahulu.berjabat hand also usually more worn by men as an expression of peace.When first acquainted, usually greet continued by introducing diri.
No in advise to ask age when first met, because it will in consider pert.Get used to to provide extra the calls ( ssi ) which means brother / sister that sounds more polite, similarly to the more old.

You can use the calls ( seonsaengnim ) means teacher .
#a tradition in korea like it in set up.   festivity a new house , either by a man who had moved or for new partner married named ( jibdeuri ) .They were going invited close friends , brother , and a number of neighbors to the the new to celebrate or hanga just party ordinary .The guests typically carry toilet paper , soap detergents and matchsticks .The reason for they brought the goods: toilet paper symbolizing that things will run smoothly as toilet paper that is soluble in water , soap detergents symbolizing hope that the host in berries much money the foam.

matchsticks symbolizing hope that the host fast rich as quickly flame on .Utterance thank you in the korean language consisting of two kinds of , namely acknowledgements because it is already in help , or in give goods , and gratitude for the work , cooperation , and servant good.

xample: if you carry a heavy goods then there was that offers help direct your ( gamsahamnida ) but if buy tickets in underground stations you can pronounce ( sugohaesseoyo ) to officers because station have been served well or of having done their jobs well .Koreans will say honest and open in expressing feeling.
When he felt ' like"not he will continue that once ' not like' , different with the habit of indonesians who are tending to not open .

Atmosphere

An atmosphere (from Greek ἀτμός (atmos), meaning "vapour", and σφαῖρα (sphaira), meaning "sphere"is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.

The atmosphere of Earth is mostly composed of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), argon (about 0.9%) with carbon dioxide and other gases in trace amounts. Oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration, nitrogen is fixed by bacteria and lightning to produce ammonia used in the construction of nucleotides and amino acids and carbon dioxide is used by plants, algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis. The atmosphere helps protect living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation, solar wind and cosmic rays. Its current composition is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms.

The term stellar atmosphere describes the outer region of a star, and typically includes the portion starting from the opaque photosphere outwards. Stars with sufficiently low temperatures may form compound molecules in their outer atmosphere.

PRESSURE
Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area that is applied perpendicularly to a surface by the surrounding gas. It is determined by a planet's gravitational force in combination with the total mass of a column of gas above a location. On Earth, units of air pressure are based on the internationally recognized standard atmosphere (atm), which is defined as 101.325 kPa (760 Torr or 14.696 psi). It is measured with a barometer.

The pressure of an atmospheric gas decreases with altitude due to the diminishing mass of gas above. The height at which the pressure from an atmosphere declines by a factor of e (an irrational number with a value of 2.71828..) is called the scale height and is denoted by H. For an atmosphere with a uniform temperature, the scale height is proportional to the temperature and inversely proportional to the product of the mean molecular mass of dry air and the local acceleration of gravity at that location. For such a model atmosphere, the pressure declines exponentially with increasing altitude. However, atmospheres are not uniform in temperature, so the exact determination of the atmospheric pressure at any particular altitude is more complex.


Atmosphere esscape

Surface gravity, the force that holds down an atmosphere, differs significantly among the planets. For example, the large gravitational force of the giant planet Jupiter is able to retain light gases such as hydrogen and helium that escape from objects with lower gravity. Secondly, the distance from the Sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where some fraction of its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's escape velocity, allowing those to escape a planet's gravitational grasp. Thus, the distant and cold Titan, Triton, and Pluto are able to retain their atmospheres despite their relatively low gravities. Rogue planets, theoretically, may also retain thick atmospheres.

Since a collection of gas molecules be moving at a wide range of velocities, there will always be some fast enough to produce a slow leakage of gas into space. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal kinetic energy, and so gases of low molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. It is thought that Venus and Mars may have lost much of their water when, after being photo dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by solar ultraviolet, the hydrogen escaped. Earth's magnetic field helps to prevent this, as, normally, the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen. However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen.

Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar wind-induced sputtering, impact erosion, weathering, and sequestration—sometimes referred to as "freezing out"—into the regolith and polar caps.


Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that is covered in craters. Without an atmosphere, the planet has no protection from meteors, and all of them collide with the surface and create craters.

A rocky body with a thick atmosphere does not have significant craters on its surface. The friction generated when a meteor enters an atmosphere causes the vast majority of it to burn up before hitting the surface. When meteors do impact, the effects are often erased by the action of wind. As a result, craters are rare on objects with atmospheres.

All objects with atmospheres have wind and weather. Wind erosion is a significant factor in shaping the terrain of rocky planets with atmospheres, and over time can erase the effects of both craters and volcanoes. In addition, since liquids can not exist without pressure, an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at the surface, resulting in lakes, rivers and oceans. Earth and Titan are known to have liquids at their surface and terrain on the planet suggests that Mars had liquid on its surface in the past.


Initial atmospheric composition is generally related to the chemistry and temperature of the local solar nebula during planetary formation and the subsequent escape of interior gases. The original atmospheres started with the radially local rotating gases that collapsed to the spaced rings that formed the planets. They were then modified over time by various complex factors, resulting in quite different outcomes.

The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars are primarily composed of carbon dioxide, with small quantities of nitrogen, argon, oxygen and traces of other gases.

The atmospheric composition on Earth is largely governed by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Dry air from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally a variable amount of water vapour is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.

The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—allow them more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses. These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres, with trace amounts of more complex compounds.

Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres. Titan, a moon of Saturn, and Triton, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of nitrogen. When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun.

Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium. These include the Moon (sodium gas), Mercury (sodium gas), Europa (oxygen), Io (sulfur), and Enceladus (water vapor).

The first exoplanet whose atmospheric composition was determined is HD 209458b, a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation Pegasus. Its atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1,000 K, and is steadily escaping into space. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planet's inflated atmosphere.


Atmosphere of Earth

Earth's atmosphere consists of a number of layers, summarised in the diagram above which explains what the layers are , that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the surface to the bottom of the stratosphere. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the mesosphere, contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most meteors burn up. The thermosphere extends from 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range. The Kármán line, located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space. The exosphere begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's magnetosphere, to space. Each of the layers has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

Of the physics

Of the physics
Quantum mechanics appeared pioneered by werner heisenberg 's  erwin schr dinger  and paul dirac from the results of this early work the standard model of particle physics lowered .after the discovery of particles with characteristics consistent with higgs bosons at cern 2012 , all elementary particle predicted by the standard model , emerged and reckoned; but , physics beyond the standard model , theory supersimetri as , research is an area that develops . mathematical science in general is important in this field , like the probabilities and study groups.

Modern physics started back in the early 20year century when max planck do r'esearch on quantum theory and albert einstein conducted research on the theory of relativity .Both of these theories emerged due to classical mechanics on certain conditions Classical mechanics predict that the speed of light diverse , not in accordance with the rate of constant is estimated by the equation concerning elektromagnetisme maxwell .This mistake finally corrected by einstein through his theory of special relativity , who then replaced classical mechanics to objects reflek and approaching the rate the speed of light .Radiation black 19 also be a problem for classical physics , who later repaired when planck proposed that material excitation oscillators only possible in step is discrete ( discrete step ) proportional to its frequency .This theory , together with the photoelectric effect and later became a theory that more complete predict the level of energy is discrete orbital electrons , finally make te.

New legal discovery in thermodynamics , chemical , and elektromagnetisme business generated from research on the industrial revolution because needed additional energy .18 the laws of classical physics is still used until broad current to everyday object traveling with speed non-relativistik , because they give an estimate that is very good in these conditions .Theories like quantum mechanics relativistic and theory can be simplified into his classic equivalent .However ,no acurate classical mechanics to objects very small and very quick objects encourage the development of modern physics in the 20year century.

ropean modern uses the method experiment and quantitative to find what he called as laws of physics .The development of major in this period of them replacement geocentric model of the solar system with a model kopernikus who heliocentric , the laws governing planetary motion put forward by johannes kepler between ad and 1,619 1609 , experiments on the telescope and the astronomical observations by galileo galilei in the 16th and 17th , as well as the discovery of isaac newton about the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitas newton universal law of gravitation .16 newton also developing the calculus , c change mathematical study , that gives new mathematical methods to settle matters at physics.

ranslation the book of optics have a tremendous impact on europe .Starting from there , scholars europe can make equipment same as ibn al-haytham , and understand how it works .From here , some discovery as glasses , magnifying glass , telescope , and the camera developing.

Seven volume book book of optics a book al-manathir ) seriously impact in thought cross discipline of the theory of the visual perception of to nature perspective at art the middle ages both in eastern and west , for more than 600 years old .Many scientists and polimath european next , starting from robert grosseteste and leonardo da vinci to ren of descartes , johannes kepler and isaac newton , using his mind .The influence of optika ibn al-haytham also included in one of the artifacts newton called same , newly published 700 years later.

Scholars truth has sent down physics aristotelian of greece and all the days of glory the developing islamic, put observation and thought a priori as its focus, develop an early form of the scientific method.The most important discovery is in optic field and sight, resulting from the work of many scientists as ibn sahl, al-kindi, ibn al-haytham, al-farisi and avicenna.The work of the most important is the book of optics ( also known as book al-man written by ibn al-haitham, where he not only the first person that rejected the idea ancient greece about sight, but also give the new theory.In the book, he who also first learned the study camera the needle reason.With dissecting and know thinker before, he could began to explain how light entering eyes, focused, and projected back to the eye, as well as making camera obskura first in the world hundreds of before the development of photos.


Natural philosophy stems from greece in peride arkais, ( 650 bce - 480 bce ), when philosopher pra-sokrates as thales refuse explanation non-naturalistik to natural phenomena and suggests that any event have a cause its natural.11 they propose an idea as evidenced by reason and observation, and many of their hypothesis proved successful in experiments; 12 for example, atomism finally ascertained right after 2000 years after first filed by leukippos and demokritos students.

According to asger aaboe , the beginning of astronomy the western world can be found in mesopotamia , and all the western in the exact derived from the babylonia end .8 astronomer egypt left monument knows the constellation and the sky , 9 and greek poet homer write down the various sky in his work the iliad and odyssey; astronomer greece next named which are still in use until now , to a great extent the constellation seen from the northern hemisphere .

Astronomy is the science of nature oldest .Oldest civilizations recorded around 3000 bc , like for example of sumerian , ancient egypt , and civilization the indus valley .Everything having prediktif knowledge and understanding of association regarding the movement of the month , the sun , and the star .Stars and planets sometimes used as a target the worship of , they believe that that is their lord .Although explanation regarding this phenomenon often not rendering and the weak the evidence available , preliminary observations this became the basis for the science of astronomy next
Physics also contributed important contribution to develop technology that develops from the theoretical.For example, understanding further information about elektromagnetisme or nuclear physics direct directly on the development of new products that dramatically modern society, such as television, computer, domestic equipment, and nuclear weapons; 3 progress thermodynamics lead on the industrialized nations, and progress inspire calculus mechanics development.

physics is one of the oldest the academic discipline , maybe wrong so the oldest through astronomy which also included .6 over the last two millennia , physics was a part of natural philosophy with chemical , biology , and branches a certain mathematical , but when the revolution in the ke-17 science natural science flourished as own research program . B physics crossing many areas of the science of other research , as biofisika and quantum chemistry , physical and limits not defined clear .New science in physics sometimes used to explain basic mechanisms of science 3 and other pave the way other study areas like math and philosophy.

 Physics (Greek: φυσικός (fysikós), "natural", and φύσις (fýsis), "nature") is the science or natural science that studies the material and its motion and behavior in the sphere of space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force.One of the most basic science, physics major goal is to understand how the universe works.

Wednesday, March 1, 2017

UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites

A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some other form of significance, and they are legally protected by international treaties. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the collective interests of humanity.

More specifically, a World Heritage Site is an already classified landmark, which by way of being unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable piece is of special cultural or physical significance (such as either due to hosting an ancient ruins or some historical structure, building, city, complex, desert, forest, island, lake, monument, or mountain) and symbolizes a remarkable footprint of extreme human endeavour often coupled with some act of indisputable accomplishment of humanity which then serves as a surviving evidence of its intellectual existence on the planet. With the intent of its practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise could be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, owing to unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access or threat owing to local administrative negligence, sites are listed and demarcated by UNESCO to have been identified or recognised as a protected zone. [1] The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 UNESCO member states which are elected by the UN General Assembly.

The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture and heritage of humanity. Under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. The program was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage,[3] which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 192 state parties have ratified the convention, making it one of the most adhered to international instruments.

As of July 2016, 1052 sites are listed: 814 cultural, 203 natural, and 35 mixed properties, in 165 states.[4][5] According to the sites ranked by country, Italy is home to the greatest number of World Heritage Sites with 51 sites, followed by China (50), Spain (45), France (42), Germany (41), India (35), Mexico (34) and United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories (30) .

History

See also: World Heritage Committee
Convention concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage
Signed 16 November 1972
Location Paris, France
Effective 17 December 1975
Condition 20 ratifications
Ratifiers 192 (188 UN member states plus the Cook Islands, the Holy See, Niue, and Palestine)
Depositary Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Languages Arabic, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
In 1954, the government of Egypt decided to build the new Aswan High Dam, whose resulting future reservoir would eventually inundate a large stretch of the Nile valley containing cultural treasures of ancient Egypt and ancient Nubia. In 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the Member States for an International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.[6] This appeal resulted in the excavation and recording of hundreds of sites, the recovery of thousands of objects, as well as the salvage and relocation to higher ground of a number of important temples, the most famous of which are the temple complexes of Abu Simbel and Philae. The campaign, which ended in 1980, was considered a complete and spectacular success. As tokens of its gratitude to countries which especially contributed to the campaign's

success, Egypt donated four temples: the Temple of Dendur was moved to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, the Temple of Debod was moved to the Parque del Oeste in Madrid, the Temple of Taffeh was moved to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in the Netherlands, and the Temple of Ellesyia to Museo Egizio in Turin.[7]

The project cost US$80 million, about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries. The project's success led to other safeguarding campaigns: saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. UNESCO then initiated, with the International Council on Monuments and Sites, a draft convention to protect the common cultural heritage of humanity.

Convention and background Edit
The United States initiated the idea of cultural conservation with nature conservation. The White House conference in 1965 called for a "World Heritage Trust" to preserve "the world's superb natural and scenic areas and historic sites for the present and the future of the entire world citizenry". The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, and they were presented in 1972 to the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. Under the World Heritage Committee, signatory countries are required to produce and submit periodic data reporting providing the World Heritage Committee with an overview of each participating nation's implementation of the World Heritage Convention and a "snapshot" of current conditions at World Heritage properties.

A single text was agreed on by all parties, and the "Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage" was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972.

The Convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of June 2016, it has been ratified by 192 states, including 188 UN member states plus the Cook Islands, the Holy See, Niue.

[8]Up to 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four criteria for natural heritage. In 2005, this was modified so that there is now only one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of "outstanding universal value" and meet at least one of the ten criteria.

[9]Cultural criteria.

 Taj Mahal, an example of cultural heritage site"represents a masterpiece of human creative genius and cultural significance"
"exhibits an important interchange of human values, over a span of time, or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape design"to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared"
"is an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural, or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates a significant stage in human history"
"is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture, or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change"
"is directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.

[10]Natural criteria

Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, an example of mixed heritage site"contains superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance"
"is an outstanding example representing major stages of Earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features"
"is an outstanding example representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems, and communities of plants and animals"contains the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation"
Legal status of designated sites.


UNESCO designation as a World Heritage Site provides prima facie evidence that such culturally sensitive sites are legally protected pursuant to the Law of War, under the Geneva Convention, its articles, protocols and customs, together with other treaties including the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and international law.

Thus, the Geneva Convention treaty promulgates:

"Article 53. PROTECTION OF CULTURAL OBJECTS AND OF PLACES OF WORSHIP. Without prejudice to the provisions of the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14 May 1954,' and of other relevant international instruments, it is prohibited:[11]

(a) To commit any acts of hostility directed against the historic monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples;
(b) To use such objects in support of the military effort;
(c) To make such objects the object of reprisals."